CAREER OPPORTUNITIES / JOBS AFTER PHARMACY ( B. PHARM., M. PHARM., PHD / PHARM D. )

 

There are many career opportunities available for Pharmacy students. Some of them are discussed below:

1. Entrepreneur

a) Pharmacy Practice: B. Pharm. graduates can start their own Retail Pharmacy, Wholesale Pharmacy, Hospital Pharmacy or Community Pharmacy by undergoing training during the B. Pharm. Course and then gain some experience by working in similar facilities for a fixed period to understand the nitty- gritty of the entrepreneurial avenue.

b) Manufacturing Facility: Manufacture of a medicine involves many stages from chemical synthesis of the drug substance through production of the dosage form, quality control, packaging and distribution.

c) Consultancy: Pharmacists can start their own consultancy firm and contribute to research, and their expertise in formulation development is of particular relevance to the biological availability of active ingredients. The Pharma-consultants can Provide Regulatory Services for Dossiers / DMF / CTDs-ACTD / ANDA / Validations / cGMP / GLP / PSUR / BA-BE Studies.

Few themes for entrepreneurship:

• New drug molecule / Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) / New Chemical Entity (NCE)
• Production of raw materials (excipients and other ingredients)
• Manufacturing and Production of new formulations
• Preparation of Biologicals
• Sub-Contracting for Manufacturing
• Sub-contracting for R&D – similar to CRO concept
• E-commerce – few students should definitely try it in the Pharmaceutical/Healthcare Industry as well (very few ventures in the market so far). 

2. In Private and Government Hospitals as Pharmacist: 

Hospital Pharmacists: They perform a range of functions – from procuring medicines to medicine storage and management in hospitals to disbursing them to customers. A Diploma in Pharmacy may lead you to this job, but in the government sector and corporate hospitals, only pharmacy graduates get hired. Career growth in this field is limited though.

 3. In Pharmaceutical Industry

 a)      In Production as Production Chemist:

Production is the basic activity of all industrial units. All other activities revolve around this activity. A Production Executive oversees and directs production operations for a manufacturing organization. They lead production operations, coordinate production staff and equipment, and ensure the quality and profitability of products.

b) In Quality Control Laboratories or Quality Assurance or Regulatory Departments: Quality Control is one of the key departments in any Pharma company. After R&D large number of people works in the QC department. Quality assurance is a good practice in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products, as it is the process of vouching for integrity of products to meet the standard for the proposed use. It is an obligation that ensures manufacturers meet the needs of end-user needs in terms of safety, quality, efficacy, strength, reliability and durability. Regulatory affairs is a comparatively new profession which developed from the desire of governments to protect public health by controlling the safety and efficacy of products in areas including pharmaceuticals. A regulatory professional is responsible for keeping track of the ever-changing legislation in all the regions in which a company wishes to distribute its products, advice on the legal and scientific restraints and requirements, and collect, collate and evaluate scientific data.

Graduates who have an aptitude for pharmaceutical analysis and handle sophisticated instruments may go for this job. QC or QA chemists check and maintain the quality of medicines and pharmaceutical products during and at the end of the manufacturing process, and ensure that they comply with the standards specified in National or other approved pharmacopoeias. Private and independent drug testing laboratories employ QC chemists too.

c) In R &D: One of the most sought-after jobs in research laboratories and manufacturing industry, research analysts are involved in drug innovation. They are the ones to develop new drugs or improve existing drugs. One needs at least an M. Pharma or higher degree to apply for this job.

  

4. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)

Intellectual property rights (IPRs) is a prerequisite for pharma companies for identification, planning, commercialization, and protection of invention. This is currently a growing field that protects creations of the human mind.  Pharma graduates who have completed IPR courses are endowed with a wide range of employment opportunities as Patent analysts, Patent Engineers or agents, Patent / IP consultants/ Advisor, Patent Docketing Officer, Licensing & Valuation experts, Patent prosecutors, portfolio managers etc.

a) Patent Analyst: B. Pharm graduates can apply for job of patent analyst. Job profile of a patent analyst is to read the patent application of new invention being made by client, understand the invention and search prior art references of particular invention. Starting salary is 5 to 6 lakhs per annum.

b) Patent Docketing Officer: Multinational companies like Pfizer, Sun pharma, Zydus cadila, Intas, Glaxo Smith Kline etc. outsource their process of handling patent portfolio to legal process outsourcing (LPO) companies like Law Scribe Inc, United Lex, Quis Lex, Mindcrest, Integreon, CPA Global, Pangea 3, in India. So Docketing officer employed in India helps such companies to complete the government compliance of United States Patent and Trademark Office in filing patent application. They need to coordinate between Patent Office and company staff so as to allow easy flow of appropriate information.

c) IP Attorney: Students with expertise in IPR can apply in law firms and work in cases of copyright, trademark and patent infringement cases. Due to cut throat competition, every new brands and new products are entering into market. So there is increase demand of lawyers who can help get brand registration and fight lawsuits against piracy.

d) IP Proofreading: B Pharm graduates with expertise in IPR can be employed as IPR Proofreader. Whose main work is to read published patent applications and check for errors in patent application.

 

5. In Clinical Research

Clinical Research is a booming Industry for research in worldwide. Few of the avenues are available in contract research associate, Medical writer, Data management and Pharmacovigilance. Contract Research Associate

Clinical research associates (CRA) are responsible for assisting in the clinical research process, providing advanced technical expertise in steps such as handling supplies, ordering tests, and collecting results, presenting specific research information to the public, and a variety of administrative tasks. 

 

6. Sales and Marketing:

Students with pleasant personality and good communication skills can opt for the job of Medical Sales Representative. The companies prefer pharmacy graduates for this job, as they have a good knowledge about the drug molecules, their therapeutic effects and the drug – drug interactions. The number of jobs available in the sales function is plenty.

Areas

·         Marketing Management

·         Product Management

·         Medical Representative

·         Area Manager

·         Regional Manager

 

7. Government Sector

 

Pharmacy education can open up job avenues for students in the government sector. Drug inspectors or government analysts are needed to make sure that drugs that are manufactured and sold are of standard quality. Appointments are also made for pharmacists who can maintain proper records of all the related activities, as per the specifications.

 

a) Government Analyst: In government laboratories, pharmacy graduates test samples from manufacturing units or retail drug stores as analysts. For this, they need to undergo training on testing of drugs in approved laboratories first.

 

b)  Drug Inspector: Pharmaceutical graduates can become drug inspectors by clearing the Public Service Commission test. As a drug inspector, they monitor the safety, efficacy, and quality of medicines everywhere – right from manufacturing units to the selling points. In the long term, drug inspectors can aspire to become Drug Controller one day.

 

8. Higher studies in abroad

Pharmacy graduates of India may consider higher studies outside India to make their career even more glorious. One can enroll for master as well as Ph.D. in desired field of studies after obtaining Graduate Degree of Pharmacy in India. Detailed Information regarding admission to pharmacy colleges in different countries are easily available on their respective websites. At the time of admission in foreign countries colleges look forward for qualifications in the following exams;

·   Graduate Record Exam (GRE)

 • Test of English as a Foreign Language

 • International English Language Testing System

 

9. In Academic

M. Pharm graduates are the ideal candidates to get Lecturer / Assistant professor roles. But, Pharm. D candidates are also eligible for lecturer jobs. Clearing GPAT, NET, SLET will be of great advantage. Almost every state in India has got decent number of Pharmacy colleges. Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Kerala have got the Pharmacy Colleges in the range of 60 – 200.

B. Pharm graduates can also get Lecturer jobs in D. Pharm colleges. In the academia you will also have the opportunity to be involved in research as well, though not all the colleges will have the quality research scope.

The starting salary is also handsome. Job could be quite relaxing with lot of benefits like housing and/or numerous holidays. After experience, you can become Associate professor, Professor / Principal of the college.

 

10.  Opportunities for Pharm. D. students

i) In India

Community Pharmacy is one of the core career opportunities, and will be most suited to PharmD graduates. The role involves counselling patients, advising them on dosage and intake for taking the medicines. This is a very critical role and demands considerable knowledge and skills.

However, in India the concept is very much unknown due to several reasons. The Government, PCI and other authorities (like Indian Pharmaceutical Association) are taking steps. However, it will take time.

The vacancies for Pharmacist in Hospitals, Railways, Armed Forces are there, but they are too few to accommodate even 10% (the figure could be even less than that) of Pharmacy graduates that pass out annually.

 

ii) Abroad

Higher Studies Abroad: You can go for Masters in Public Health or Masters in Health Management in countries where the community pharmacy is in huge demand (USA, Canada, Australia, UK etc.). In the US, the number of shortages of healthcare professionals is supposed to be 250,000 by 2020. So, US will definitely be a country to look up to.

Do refer to the Best Universities for Public Health by Kristen Fescoe and S. News; and the Best Universities for Healthcare Management – Top 20 Master’s Program and Best Universities.

Scoring 298+ in GRE and 6.5 in IELTS (or 90 in TOEFL) can definitely give you good chances to take up admission in good universities, if not at the Top 20. With a Master’s Degree in Public Health, you can end up as Healthcare Consultant, Healthcare Policy-Maker, Nutritionist, Food Safety Inspector, Medical Officer, Health Educator, Clinical Researcher etc.

The salary would be in the range of USD $40,000 and USD $120,000 annually after one year of experience.

Registered or Licensed Pharmacist (Pharmacy Jobs) Abroad: This is not that easy, but opportunities are there. Countries like Canada, US, UK, Australia do allow international pharmacy graduates to take up jobs as community pharmacists in their countries. Check out the details for Canada, US, UK, Australia

COMPARISON OF COVID-19 VACCINES – WHICH ONE IS BETTER?

 Being vaccinated does not mean that we can throw caution to the wind and put ourselves and others at risk, particularly because research is still ongoing into how much vaccines protect not only against disease but also against infection and transmission.

Equitable access to safe and effective vaccines is critical to ending the COVID-19 pandemic, so it is hugely encouraging to see so many vaccines proving and going into development. WHO is working tirelessly with partners to develop, manufacture and deploy safe and effective vaccines? 

But it’s not vaccines that will stop the pandemic, it’s vaccination. We must ensure fair and equitable access to vaccines, and ensure every country receives them and can roll them out to protect their people, starting with the most vulnerable.

At present 287 vaccine candidates are under development, out of which 102 are in clinical phase and 185 are in preclinical phase. Several different types of potential vaccines for COVID-19 are in development, including:

• Inactivated or weakened virus vaccines, which use a form of the virus that has been inactivated or weakened so it doesn’t cause disease, but still generates an immune response.
• Protein-based vaccines, which use harmless fragments of proteins or protein shells that mimic the COVID-19 virus to safely generate an immune response.
• Viral vector vaccines, which use a safe virus that cannot cause disease but serves as a platform to produce coronavirus proteins to generate an immune response.
• RNA and DNA vaccines, a cutting-edge approach that uses genetically engineered RNA or DNA to generate a protein that itself safely prompts an immune response.

Because COVID vaccines have only been developed in the past months, it’s too early to know the duration of protection of COVID-19 vaccines. Research is ongoing to answer this question. However, it’s encouraging that available data suggest that most people who recover from COVID-19 develop an immune response that provides at least some period of protection against reinfection – although we’re still learning how strong this protection is, and how long it lasts.

While we are learning more, we need to do everything possible to stop the spread of the virus in order to prevent mutations that may reduce the efficacy of existing vaccines. This means staying at least one meter away from others, covering a cough or sneeze in your elbow, frequently cleaning your hands, wearing a mask and avoiding poorly ventilated rooms or opening a window. 

LET’S COMPARE THE VACCINES TO UNDERSTAND WHICH ONE IS BETTER?

So, how do they differ? Here’s what we know so far.

Vaccines from Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, and Johnson & Johnson are being administered in the U.S. right now, and others are on track to do the same. Even though you will likely not be able to choose which vaccine you will get, it’s still helpful to know how each one is different.

With that in mind, we mapped out a comparison of the most prominent vaccines so far.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT VACCINES

1.      PFIZER & BIONTECH (First COVID-19 vaccine to receive an FDA EUA)

 

·         Type: It is mRNA-based vaccine

·         Status: Emergency use in the U.S.; authorized for use in the European Union (under the name Comirnaty). Approved by majority of countries but not approved in India as of now.

·         Efficacy: 95% effective at preventing symptomatic disease.

·         Efficacy against virus mutation: vaccine was found to be more than 95% effective against severe disease or death from the variants first detected in the United Kingdom (B.1.1.7) and South Africa (B.1.351) in two studies based on real-world use of the vaccine.

·         Recommended for Age group: Anyone 12 or older.

·         Dosage: Two shots, 21 days apart

·         Common side effects: Chills, headache, pain, tiredness, and/or redness and swelling at the injection site, all of which generally resolve within a day or two of rest, hydration, and medications like acetaminophen. (If symptoms don’t resolve within 72 hours or if you have respiratory symptoms, such as cough or shortness of breath, call your doctor.) On rare occasions, mRNA vaccines have appeared to trigger anaphylaxis, a severe reaction that is treatable with epinephrine (the drug in Epipens®). For that reason, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) requires vaccination sites to monitor everyone for 15 minutes after their COVID-19 shot, and for 30 minutes if they have a history of severe allergies or are taking a blood thinner.

·         Storage: It has required shipping in ultra-cold temperature-controlled units (-94 degrees Fahrenheit). In mid-February, the company submitted new data to the FDA demonstrating the stability of the vaccine at temperatures more commonly found in pharmaceutical refrigerators and freezers. Approval would make the vaccine easier to distribute.

 

2.      MODERNA (Second COVID-19 vaccine to receive an FDA EUA)

 

·         Type: It is also mRNA-based vaccine.

·         Status: Emergency use in the U.S.; authorized for use in the European Union. Approved by majority of contries but not approved in India as of now.

·         Efficacy: 94.1% effective at preventing symptomatic infection in people with no evidence of previous COVID-19 infection.

·         Efficacy against virus mutation: No evidence available. Research is going on.

·         Recommended for Age Group: Adults 18 and older.

·         Dosage: Two shots, 28 days apart

·         Common Side Effects: side effects can include chills, headache, pain, tiredness, and/or redness and swelling at the injection site, all of which generally resolve within a day or two. On rare occasions, mRNA vaccines have appeared to trigger anaphylaxis, a severe reaction that is treatable with epinephrine (the drug in Epipens®). For that reason, the CDC requires vaccination sites to monitor everyone for 15 minutes after their COVID-19 shot, and for 30 minutes if they have a history of severe allergies.

·         Storage: The Moderna vaccine can be shipped and kept in long-term storage in standard freezer temperatures, and stored for up to 30 days using normal refrigeration, making it easier to distribute and store.

 

3.      JOHNSON & JOHNSON (Third COVID-19 vaccine to receive an FDA EUA)

 

·         Type: It is a carrier, or virus vector-based vaccine.

·         Status: Emergency use in the U.S.; authorized for use in the European Union (under the name Janssen). Continues to be recommended by the FDA and CDC after a pause because the benefits outweigh the risks. Not available in India as of now.

·         Efficacy: 72% overall efficacy and 86% efficacy against severe disease in the U.S.

·         Efficacy against virus mutation: There was 64% overall efficacy and 82% efficacy against severe disease in South Africa, where the B.1.351 variant was first detected.  

·         Recommended for Age Group: Adults 18 and older.

·         Dosage: Single shot.

·         Common Side effects: Fatigue, fever headache, injection site pain, or myalgia (pain in a muscle or group of muscles), all of which generally resolve within a day or two. It has had noticeably milder side effects than the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines, according to the FDA report released in late February. No one suffered an allergic reaction in clinical trials for the vaccine, according to the company.

·         Storage: In comparison to the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines, this one is easier to store (in refrigerator temperature).

 

4.      OXFORD-ASTRAZENECA (Sold under the brand names Covishield and Vaxzevria)

 

·         Type: Viral vector-based vaccine.

·         Status: Not available in the U.S., authorized for use in the European Union (under the name Vaxzevria) and in India (Covishield).

·         Efficacy: AstraZeneca updated its data analysis of its phase 3 trials in March, showing its vaccine to be 76% effective at reducing the risk of symptomatic disease 15 days or more after receiving the two doses, and 100% against severe disease. The company also said the vaccine was 85% effective in preventing COVID-19 in people over 65.

·         Efficacy against virus mutation: A paper in early February (not yet peer-reviewed) cited 74.6% efficacy against the B.1.1.7 variant. However, the vaccine did not protect as well against mild and moderate cases in people infected with the B.1.351 variant. On 22 May 2021, Public Health England published an analysis showing that, for symptomatic COVID-19 infection after the second dose, the vaccine is 66% effective against B.1.1.7 (alpha) variant, and 60% against B.1.617.2 (delta) variant.

·         Recommended for Age Group: Adults 18 and older

·         Dosage: Two doses, four to 12 weeks apart

·         Common Side effects: Tenderness, pain, warmth, redness, itching, swelling or bruising at the injection site, all of which generally resolve within a day or two.

·         Storage: It can be stored, transported, and handled in normal refrigeration for at least six months.

 

5.      NOVAVAX

·         Type: Protein adjuvant.

·         Status: Still completing clinical trials.

·         Efficacy: 96.4% efficacy in reducing mild and moderate disease, 100% against severe disease from the original strain of COVID-19.

·         Efficacy against virus mutation: 86.3% efficacy in the United Kingdom, where the B.1.1.7 variant is circulating.

·         Recommended for Age Group: The vaccine is being studied in adults ages 18-84.

·         Dosage: 2 doses, three weeks apart.

·         Common Side effects: While the Novavax vaccine is still being studied, early trials have shown no adverse events.

·         Storage: It is also simpler to make and can be stored in a refrigerator.

 

6.      SPUTNIK-V

 

·         Type: Non-replicating Viral vector (Modified Adeno).

·         Status: It was initially approved for distribution in Russia and then in 59 other countries (as of April 2021) on the preliminary results of Phase I–II studies eventually published on 4 September 2020. On 12 April 2021, India approved the use of Sputnik V vaccine for emergency use against COVID-19 based on strong immunogenicity data.

·         Efficacy: On 2 February 2021, an interim analysis from the trial was published in The Lancet, indicating 91.6% efficacy without unusual side effects.

·         Efficacy against virus mutation: No data available.

·         Recommended for Age Group: Adults 18 and older.

·         Dosage: Two shots, second dose after 28 days.

·         Common Side effects: No serious side effects have been recorded after taking the Sputnik V shot. There have been instances of hypertension, hemorrhagic stroke, and thrombosis, but there’s no confirmation of the vaccine shot being the reason behind it.

·         Storage: The vaccine can be formulated in two ways: as a ready-to-use solution in water that is frozen at the common home-freezer storage temperature of −18 °C or 0 °F or lower; and as a freeze-dried powder, "Gam-COVID-Vac-Lyo", whose storage temperature is above freezing, 2–8 °C or 36–46 °F, at the common home-refrigerator temperature. The freeze-dried powder must be reconstituted with water before use.

# Sputnik-Light, a single-dose version, is also being developed to speed up vaccination outside Russia. It will offer less protection than the two-dose versions, but it is still expected to reach an efficacy of 85%.

In India, Dr Reddys Laboratories Limited and Sputnik LLC are jointly conducting multi-centre, phase II/III adaptive clinical trial to assess safety and immunogenicity of Gam-COVID-Vac combined vector vaccine.

COVAXIN

• Type: Inactivated virus-based COVID-19 vaccine
• Status: On 2 January 2021, BBV152 (marketed as Covaxin), became the first domestically-produced vaccine to receive approval from the Drug Controller General of India for its emergency or conditional usage.
• Efficacy: On 3 March 2021, Bharat Biotech reported that Covaxin showed 81% efficacy in a phase 3 trial with 25,800 participants.
• Efficacy against virus mutation:

B.1.1.7 variant: In December 2020, a new SARS‑CoV‑2 variant, B.1.1.7, was identified in the UK. An in vitro study on this variant was carried out and preliminary results show Covaxin to be effective in neutralizing this strain.

B.1.617 variant: In April 2021, the Indian Council of Medical Research reported that the vaccine has shown promising results in neutralizing the strain B.1.617.

P.2 variant: In May 2021, a joint investigation by the scientists of National Institute of Virology (NIV) India, found the vaccine effective in neutralizing the P.2 (previously known B.1.1.28) strain.

• Recommended for Age Group: COVAXIN has been approved for restricted use in emergency situation in individuals 18 years of age and older. In May 2021, Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI) approved clinical trials in the age group of 2 to 18 years. The trails are conducted at AIIMS Delhi and Patna. As many as 54 children had registered at the AIIMS Patna.
• Dosage: Two shots, 28 days apart.
• Common Side effects: Side effects that have been reported in the fact sheet of Bharat Biotech COVID-19 vaccine (COVAXIN) include Injection site pain, swelling, redness, itching, headache, fever, malaise/body ache, nausea, vomiting, and Rashes. A severe allergic reaction may very rarely occur after getting a dose of COVAXIN. These may not be all the possible side effects of COVAXIN. Serious and unexpected side effects may occur. COVAXIN is still being studied in clinical trials.
• Storage: Covaxin can be easily and conveniently stored at 2–8 degrees celsius, which is a regular refrigerator temperature.

 

CONCLUSION

Because COVID vaccines have only been developed in the past months, it’s too early to know the duration of protection of COVID-19 vaccines. Research is ongoing to investigate the vaccines for their therapeutic efficacy and toxicities. However, it’s encouraging that available data suggest that most people who recover from COVID-19 develop an immune response that provides at least some period of protection against reinfection – although we’re still learning how strong this protection is, and how long it lasts.

The COVID-19 vaccines produce protection against the disease, as a result of developing an immune response to the SARS-Cov-2 virus.  Developing immunity through vaccination means there is a reduced risk of developing the illness and its consequences. This immunity helps you fight the virus if exposed. Getting vaccinated may also protect people around you, because if you are protected from getting infected and from disease, you are less likely to infect someone else. This is particularly important to protect people at increased risk for severe illness from COVID-19, such as healthcare providers, older or elderly adults, and people with other medical conditions.

REFERENCES

1. Vaccines and related biological products advisory committee meeting. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/media/144245/download.
2. WHO: https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-vaccines?adgroupsurvey={adgroupsurvey}&gclid=CjwKCAjw2ZaGBhBoEiwA8pfP_oaoXhtbERp42bgyZPLQr5fuje9K3tmHlq3Iqdf1i8uMDG4ckOMlvxoCTOwQAvD_BwE
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16. Janssen COVID-19 frequently asked questions. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/mcm-legal-regulatory-and-policy-framework/janssen-covid-19-vaccine-frequently-asked-questions.
17. Recommendation to pause use of Johnson & Johnson’s Janssen COVID-19 vaccine. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/safety/JJUpdate.html.
18.  Yale Medicine: https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/covid-19-vaccine-comparison
19.  Mayo clinic: https://www.mayoclinic.org/coronavirus-covid-19/vaccine/comparing-vaccines
20.  ICMR: https://vaccine.icmr.org.in/covid-19-vaccine

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